Syndrom kss

Kearns-Sayre syndrome Genetic and Rare Diseases

Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a neuromuscular disorder defined by the triad of onset before age 20 years, pigmentary retinopathy (a salt-and-pepper pigmentation in the retina that can affect vision, but often leaves it intact), and progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO)
Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a rare genetic condition caused by a problem with a person's mitochondria, components found in all the body's cells. Kearns-Sayre causes eye and vision problems, and it can lead to other symptoms, like heart rhythm issues. Usually, these problems begin in childhood or adolescence
Kearnsův-Sayrerův syndrom (KSS, okulokraniosomatické neuromuskulární onemocnění, anglicky Kearns-Sayre syndrome) je dědičné onemocnění postihující okohybné svalstvo a svaly očního víčka
What is Kearns-Sayre Syndrome? Kearns-Sayre Syndrome is a rare neuromuscular disorder caused by a 5,000 base deletion in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Mitochondria are small rod-like structures found in every cell in the body. They use oxygen to convert energy from the food we eat into energy used by the cells
Kearns-Sayre syndrome is a condition caused by defects in mitochondria, which are structures within cells that use oxygen to convert the energy from food into a form cells can use. This process is called oxidative phosphorylation

Kearnsův-Sayrerův syndrom (KSS, okulokraniosomatické neuromuskulární onemocnění, anglicky Kearns-Sayre syndrome) je dědičné onemocnění postihující Podobné Témata jako Neurologie (nervové), neurochirurgi KiSS syndrom způsobuje mechanický problém krční páteře. Dva vrchní krční obratle atlas a čepovec (Axis) mají odlišnou stavbu, která umožňuje hýbání hlavou. Při KiSS je však tato jejich funkce znemožněna

Kearns-Sayre Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatmen

Identical deletions have been reported in KSS, Pearson syndrome, and CPEO. The tissue distribution of mutant mtDNA is, however, different. In Pearson syndrome, high levels of mutant mtDNA are present in all tissues, particularly blood. In KSS, they are more localized to muscle and the central nervous system
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Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a rare neuromuscular disorder with onset usually before the age of 20 years. It is the result of abnormalities in the DNA of mitochondria - small rod-like structures found in every cell of the body that produce the energy that drives cellular functions
Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a rare multisystemic disorder. An important clinical symptomatic feature is the presence of droopy eyelids (ptosis) in one or both eyes
Význam KSS v angličtině Jak bylo uvedeno výše, KSS se používá jako zkratka v textových zprávách pro reprezentaci Kearns-Sayre syndrom. Tato stránka je o zkratu KSS a jeho významu jako Kearns-Sayre syndrom. Uvědomte si prosím, že Kearns-Sayre syndrom není jediný význam pro KSS
Kearns-Sayre Syndrome Treatment. A direct cure of the Kearns-Sayre syndrome is not yet made available. Management of the disease process is the aim in the treatment course for the disease. The following are the proposed treatment for Kearns-Sayre syndrome: Surgical intervention. This shall depend on the presenting symptom of the syndrome

KSS is a progressive multisystem disorder defined by onset before age 20 years, pigmentary retinopathy, and PEO; additional features include cerebellar ataxia, impaired intellect (intellectual disability, dementia, or both), sensorineural hearing loss, ptosis, oropharyngeal and esophageal dysfunction, exercise intolerance, muscle weakness, cardiac conduction block, and endocrinopathy Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS) KSS is a slowly progressive mitochondrial disorder with onset before age 20 years. Clinical Presentation: Ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, retinitis pigmentosa, increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein. Hearing deficit, endocrinologic dysfunction, and conductive heart block Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a rare neuromuscular disease progressing to chronic external ophthalmoplegia, atypical retinitis pigmentosa, and pigmentary degeneration of the retina. KSS is caused by a deletion in mitochondrial DNA resulting in increased protein damage, inhibition of the UPS, decreased amino acid recycling, and autophagy excitation in key cell types [126]

Kearnsův-Sayrerův syndrom, KSS, okulokraniosomatické

Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a rare neuromuscular disorder. We report a case of a 14-year-old boy diagnosed and treated as myasthenia gravis for (4) years who was eventually diagnosed with KSS Background Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a rare mitochondrial cytopathy, first described at Mayo Clinic in 1958. Aims We aimed to define patient and disease characteristics in a large group of. • Kearns-Sayre syndrome is a multisystemic disorder defined by the triad of chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia, retinitis pigmentosa, and onset before 20 years of age. • Kearns-Sayre syndrome is usually a result of single, large-scale deletion mutations of mitochondrial DNA The abbreviation for Kearns-Sayre syndrome is KSS. What is the meaning of KSS abbreviation? The meaning of KSS abbreviation is Kearns-Sayre syndrome What does KSS mean? KSS as abbreviation means Kearns-Sayre syndrome Online search. Search for KSS - Kearns-Sayre syndrome in

Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS) — Rare Genomics Institut

Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) - has hallmark symptoms in the eyes and throughout the body typically beginning before age 20 and correlates with specific nuclear DNA mutations that cause problems with many of the organs and tissues in the body. Eye symptoms include progressive external ophthalmoplegia, (weakness or paralysis of the eye muscles that impairs eye [
There are many types o symptoms, such as : Ataxia Diabetes loss of eye movement mild skeletal/muscle weakness heart block hearing loss loss of coordination impaired cognitive function and rarely seizures Kearn-Sayre Syndrome Kearn-Sayre Syndrome is a condition that affects man
Kearns Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a mitochondrial myopathy using a normal onset before 20 years old. KSS is a more serious syndromic version of chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (abbreviated CPEO), a syndrome that's characterized by isolated involvement of the nerves controlling a motion of the eyelid (levator palpebrae, orbicularis oculi) and eye (extra-ocular muscles)
Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS) is a form of rare neuromuscular disorder that commonly begins affecting people before they reach the age of twenty. The syndrome results from an abnormality in the DNA of mitochondria, which are small structures found in each cell of a person's body and produce energy that drives their cellular functions
Abstract. Background: Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a rare mitochondrial cytopathy, first described at Mayo Clinic in 1958. Aims: We aimed to define patient and disease characteristics in a large group of adult and pediatric patients with KSS
In 1958, Kearns and Sayre described a multisystem entity, now known as Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS). The syndrome is defined as exhibiting a triad of thus far unexplained degenerative conditions: progressive external ophthalmoplegia, retinal pigmentary degeneration, and heart block. Commonly accompanying findings include cerebellar dysfunction and.
Abstract Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a sporadic multisystem mitochondrial disorder characterized by progressive external ophthalmoplegia, pigmentary retinopathy, onset before age 20, and severe cardiac conduction defects that can lead to death. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] KSS is a slowly progressive mitochondrial disorder with onset before age 20 years. Clinical Presentation: Ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, retinitis pigmentosa, increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein

BACKGROUND: Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a rare mitochondrial cytopathy, first described at Mayo Clinic in 1958. AIMS: We aimed to define patient and disease characteristics in a large group of adult and pediatric patients with KSS. METHODS: We retrospectively searched the Mayo Clinic medical index patient database for the records of patients. Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is characterized by the onset of ophthalmoparesis and pigmentary retinopathy before age 20 years. Other frequently associated clinical features include cerebellar ataxia, cardiac conduction block, raised cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein content, and proximal myopathy

Kearns-Sayre syndrome: MedlinePlus Genetic

KSS is defined by onset before age 20 years, progressive ophthalmoplegia, and pigmentary retinopathy. In addition to this triad of symptoms, at least one additional symptom must be present: cardiac conduction block, cerebellar syndrome, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein concentration >100 mg/dL. 49,50 Patients with KSS exhibit many of the classical signs and symptoms of mitochondrial DNA. Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a mitochondrial disease characterized by progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO), pigmentary retinitis and an onset before the age of 20 years. Common additional features include deafness, cerebellar ataxia and heart block Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a rare neuromuscular disorder with onset usually before the age of 20. It is the result of abnormalities in the DNA of the mitochondria, small rod-like structures found in every cell of the body. The mitochondria produce the energy that drives cellular functions Acronym Definition; KSS: Kirby Super Star (SNES game) KSS: Kearns-Sayre Syndrome: KSS: Komunistická Strana Slovenska (Slovak Communist Party, Slovakia) KSS: Knowledge Sharing Sy Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS) NEW YORK CLIENTS. Tests displaying the status New York Approved: Yes are approved or conditionally approved by New York State and do not require an NYS NPL exemption. Please note, for carrier/targeted variant tests the approval status depends on whether the gene is in an approved GeneDx single-gene or.

Rarely, KSS patients may develop embolic stroke, resulting from intracardiac thrombi. Even more rarely, stroke-like episodes, the phenotypic hallmark of mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episode syndrome, have been reported in KSS Kearn-Sayre Syndrome (KSS) - Rare diseases and genetic disorders. zellybelly. April 4, 2008 at 3:15 pm; 26 replies; TODO: Email modal placeholder. My little brother was just diagnosed with Kearn-Sayre Syndrome which is a genetic mitochondrial disease. He is currently experiencing the opthalmaplegia, retinal pigmentation, has had muscle wasting. Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS) is a rare disorder that particularly affects the eyes. It usually manifests before or around the time an individual reaches adulthood; In this disorder, the affected individuals have impaired eye movement due to weak eye muscles. Apart from this, the signs and symptoms of Kearns-Sayre Syndrome may include. Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) A syndrome caused by major rearrangements of, and often large deletions from, the MITOCHONDRIAL DNA.The condition features paralysis of the eye-moving muscles with double vision; drooping eyelids; degeneration of the retinas; defects in the conducting muscle tissue of the heart; respiratory distress; and in some cases staggering walk, deafness and DIABETES What is the abbreviation for Kearns Sayre Syndrome? What does KSS stand for? KSS abbreviation stands for Kearns Sayre Syndrome

Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a rare genetic condition caused by a problem with a person's The syndrome is named for Thomas Kearns and George Sayre, who first described the syndrome in 1958 . Sick sinus syndrome is also called sinoatrial disease or tachy-brady syndrome Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a clinical subtype of chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO). KSS is defined by the following triad: onset before the age of 20, CPEO, and pigmentary retinopathy. Affected individuals have at least 1 of the following conditions: complete heart block, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein of more than 100. Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS), also known as oculocraniosomatic disorder, is a rare multisystem mitochondrial disorder. Clinical presentation The patient often presents with progressive external ophthalmoplegia 1. Neurologic symptoms develop in.

Kategorie Koně inzerce. Vybírejte z 1 612 inzerátů. Prodejte snadno a rychle na Bazoši. Přes půl milionů uživatelů za den. Najděte co potřebujete ve Vaší kategorii - strana 37 Nacházíte se: Zbynekmlcoch.cz Medicína Příznaky a projevy nemocí Jak se projevuje Kearnsův-Sayrerův syndrom, KSS, okulokraniosomatické neuromuskulární onemocnění - příznaky, projevy, symptom Introduction. Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a rare mitochondrial cytopathy, first described at Mayo Clinic in 1958. 1 KSS belongs to a group of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletion syndromes that also includes Pearson syndrome and progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO). 2 Classically, KSS has a triad of features, including presence of PEO, pigmentary retinopathy, and an age of onset.

Pearson syndrome is a mitochondrial disease characterized by sideroblastic anemia and exocrine pancreas dysfunction. Other clinical features are failure to thrive, pancreatic fibrosis with insulin-dependent diabetes and exocrine pancreatic deficiency, muscle and neurologic impairment, and, frequently, early death.It is usually fatal in infancy. The few patients who survive into adulthood often. In particular, in KSS the deletions have not been detected by Southern blotting in the blood, whereas in Pearson's syndrome they are easily detectable . Using a nested primer polymerase chain chian reaction ( PCR ) strategy, the frequency of the KSS deletion in 74 human oocytes and 137 embryos was found to be 32.8 and 8.0% respectively [37] Kearns-Sayre Syndrome KSS. August 23, 2016 Diseases CNS, Muscle, Visual disturbance teachingneurologist. Clinical features: Onset before 20 years of age. Progressive external opthalmoplegia (restricted eye movements, usually movements are not dysconjugated) and pigmentory retinopathy. Also myopathy, heart block, CNS deficits, short stature Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a rare mitochondrial myopathy caused by deletion of mitochondrial DNA. It is a disease with a wide continuum of phenotypes ranging from mild forms of ptosis to multisystemic disorders resulting in early death. The original characterisation as presented by Kearns in 1958 comprised three core findings: 1 Mitochondrial DNA deletion and duplication in Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS) with initial presentation as Pearson Marrow-Pancreas Syndrome (PMPS): Two case reports in Barranquilla, Colombia. mtDNA, PMPS: 3 : 2020: Retinal Manifestations of Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Disorders. MIDD: 4 : 2020: Retinoschisis associated with Kearns-Sayre.

Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS) is a very rare (3 in 100,000) genetic disease caused by defects in the DNA of the mitochondria, which are the structures in cells that produce energy. It was first documented in a case report in 1958 by Thomas P. Kearns, MD., and George Pomeroy Sayre, MD. (Kearns and. »Treatments for Kearns-Sayre Syndrome. KSS: Rare Disease Office of Rare Diseases (ORD) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) KSS is listed as a rare disease by the Office of Rare Diseases (ORD) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). This means that KSS, or a subtype of KSS, affects less than 200,000 people in the US population

Kss syndrom články a rady - Lecitnemoc

KSS is a more severe syndromic variant of chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia, a syndrome that is characterized by isolated involvement of the muscles controlling eyelid movement, and those controlling eye movement. This results in ptosis and ophthalmoplegia respectively Solution for Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS), Pearson syndrome,and progressive external opthalmoplegia (PEO) arerare diseases in which up to 7.6 kb of th Kearnův-Sayrův syndrom (KSS) Leberova dědičná optická neuropatie (LHON) Leighův syndrom (subakutní nekrotizující encefalomyopatie) Mitochondriová encefalomyopatie, laktátová acidóza a příhody podobné záchvatům mrtvice (mitochondriální myopatie-encefalopatie-laktátová acidóza-iktu podobné příhody) (MELAS A mitochondrial disorder featuring the triad of chronic progressive EXTERNAL OPHTHALMOPLEGIA, cardiomyopathy (CARDIOMYOPATHIES) with conduction block (HEART BLOCK), and RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA. Disease onset is in the first or second decade. Elevated CSF protein, sensorineural deafness, seizures, and pyramidal signs may also be present. Ragged-red fibers are found on muscle biopsy. (Adams et al.

Kearnsův-sayrerův syndrom, kss, okulokraniosomatické

Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a systemic disease that belongs to a group of neuromuscular disorders known as mitochondrial encephalomyopathies that typically involves the central nervous system, eyes, skeletal muscles, and heart
Kearns-Sayre syndrome: Article Excerpts Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a rare neuromuscular disorder with onset usually before the age of 20. (Source: excerpt from NINDS Kearns-Sayre Syndrome Information Page: NINDS) Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a rare neuromuscular disorder with onset usually before the age of 20. It is characterized..
Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a rare neuromuscular disorder with onset usually before the age of 20 years. It is the result of abnormalities in the DNA of mitochondria - small rod-like structures found in every cell of the body that produce the ener..
Kearns-Sayre syndrome: A neuromuscular disorder characterized by three primary findings: Progressive paralysis of certain eye muscles (chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia, or CPEO); ; Abnormal accumulation of colored (pigmented) material on the retina (atypical retinitis pigmentosa), leading to chronic inflammation and progressive degeneration of the retina; an
A 25-year-old woman with Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) had complete external ophthalmoplegia, short stature, ataxia, cardiac conduction defects, and pigmentary retinopathy. Muscle biopsy revealed ragged-red fibers. Electron microacopy showed increased numbers of mitochondria with disordered structure and paracrystalline inclusions

KiSS syndrom - módní diagnóza nebo skutečný problém

How is Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) treated? Honor Society of Nursing (STTI) There is currently no effective way to treat mitochondria abnormalities in KSS. Treatment is generally symptomatic and supportive. Management of KSS involves multiple specialties depending on the organs involved. The most essential is a regular and long-term follow-up. Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a rare mitochondrial genetic disorder with multisystem involvement. KSS usually presents before the age of 20 years. The triad of external opthalmoplegia, pigmentary retinopathy, and cardiac conduction defects are sufficient to make a confident diagnosis of this rare entity Ortiz A, Arias J, Cárdenas P, Villamil J, Peralta M, Escaf LC, Ortiz J. Macular findings in spectral domain optical coherence tomography and OCT angiography in a patient with Kearns-Sayre syndrome. Int J Retina Vitreous. 2017;3:24. CrossRef Google Schola Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a mitochondrial disease with features of chronic progressive ophthalmoplegia, pigmentary retinopathy and an age of onset younger than 20 years. It is seen to occur in the first two decades of life, affecting an active age group and with associated life threatenin Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a rare mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletion syndrome that typically presents before 20 years of age and is characterized by chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia, pigmentary retinopathy, and a combination of cardiac conduction defects, cerebellar ataxia, and elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein levels

The Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a mitochondrial disease characterised by the onset of symptomatology before 20 years of age, with a clinical picture consisting of ophthalmoparesis, palpebral ptosis, pigmentous retinitis, mitochondrial myopathy, and associated to at least one of the following items: defect in cardiac conduction, cerebellar. The Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a rare mitochondrial encephalopathy, with an estimated prevalence of around 1/125,000 [1].The syndrome is characterized by onset before 20 years of age and a typical clinical triad: pigmentary reti-nopathy (PR), progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO), and cardiac conduction anomalies including heart block.

The most common cardiac feature of Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is atrioventricular block (AVB), and pacemaker implantations (PMIs) are recommended for KSS patients with advanced AVB. However, some KSS patients develop fatal arrhythmias such as polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (PMVT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF) and die suddenly even. Symptoms of CNS dysfunction such as cognitive impairment or dementia have been described in several disease manifestations, e.g. myoclonus epilepsy with ragged red fibres, mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke‐like episodes (MELAS), Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) and chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia with or. Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a rare neuromuscular disorder with onset usually before the age of 20. It is the result of abnormalities in the DNA of mitochondria - small rod-like structures found in every cell of the body that produce the energy that drives cellular functions Search Results for - KSS - KEARNS-SAYRE SYNDROME Click here to add quotes (and perform an exact match search

Main Document Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS) is a form of rare neuromuscular disorder that commonly begins affecting people before they reach the age of twenty. The syndrome results from an abnormality in the DNA of mitochondria, which are small structures found in each cell of a person's body and produce energy that drives their cellular functions Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a multisystemic disorder defined by the following obligatory triad: Onset before age 20 years. Pigmentary retinopathy. Funduscopy reveals an atypical salt and pepper retinopathy. ERG findings have not been reported, and visual fields are normal Objective . To describe unusual course and unusual phenotypic features in an adult patient with Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS). Case Report . The patient is a 49-year-old male with KSS, diagnosed clinically upon the core features, namely, onset before the age 20 of years, pigmentary retinopathy, and ophthalmoparesis, and the complementary features, namely, elevated CSF protein, cardiac. Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a mitochondrial DNA deletion syndrome that presents with profound cerebral folate deficiency and other features. Preliminary data support the notion that folinic acid therapy might be useful in the treatment of KSS patients. Our aim was to assess the clinical and neuroimaging outcomes of KSS patients receiving folinic acid therapy A 25-year-old woman with Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) had complete external ophthalmoplegia, short stature, ataxia, cardiac conduction defects, and pigmentary retinopathy. Muscle biopsy revealed ragged-red fibers. Electron microacopy showed increased numbers of mitochondria with disordered structure and paracrystalline inclusions. Enzymatic analysis revealed a deficiency of complex II of the.

OMIM Entry - # 530000 - KEARNS-SAYRE SYNDROME; KSS

KSS is a rare mitochondrial disorder characterised by pigmentary retinopathy, chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia, and an early age of onset before 20 years. Other systemic involvements include deafness, cerebellar ataxia and heart block. Pigmentary retinopathy is an integral component of KSS may vary from subtle pigmentary changes to extensive pigment atrophy simulating retinitis.
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KSS is defined as Kearns-Sayre-Shy syndrome rarely. KSS stands for Kearns-Sayre-Shy syndrome. Printer friendly. Menu Search AcronymAttic.com. Abbreviation to define. Find. Examples: NFL, NASA, PSP, HIPAA. Tweet. What does KSS stand for? KSS stands for Kearns-Sayre-Shy syndrome
DNA (mtDNA) in seven of seven patients with Keams-Sayre syndrome (KSS). We found no detectable deletions in the mtDNA of ten non-KSS patients with other mitochondrial myopathies or encephaiomyopathies, or three normal controls. The deletions ranged in size from 2.0 to 7.0 kb, and did not localize to any single region of the mitochondria! genom

Types of Mitochondrial Myopathies Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) Onset: Before age 20 Symptoms: This disorder is defined by chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO), which consists in slowly progressive weakness (paresis) of the muscles that control the eye movement (extraocular muscles) along bilateral ptosis (dropping eyelid), plus pigmentary retinopathy, a salt-and-pepper. H49.819 KSS - Kearns-Sayre syndrome. ICD 10 CM Search; ICD 10 CM 2017; Searc Students learn the basic terminology connected with proffesional threats and working stress threatening poeple helping and working with other people. Students distinguish terms: working stress, depresion, burn-out syndrom. They learn about the causes, prevention and treatment of burn-ot syndrom - and about the usage of the psychotherapy principles

Kearns-Sayre syndrome is a type of mitochondrial disease that is characterised by chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia, retinitis pigmentosa, onset before the age of 20 years. Additionally one or more of the following findings should be present: heart block, cerebellar ataxia or cerebrospinal fluid protein concentration greater than 100. Kearns - Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a mitochondrial myopathy with a typical onset before 20 years of age. WikiMatrix.